BlackHawk

BlackHawk is a public C program for calculating the Hawking evaporation spectra of any black hole distribution. This program enables the users to compute the primary and secondary spectra of stable or long-lived particles generated by Hawking radiation of the distribution of black holes, and to study their evolution in time.

If you use BlackHawk to publish a paper, please cite:

• A. Arbey and J. Auffinger, Eur. Phys. J. C79 (2019) 693, arXiv:1905.04268 [gr-qc]
• A. Arbey and J. Auffinger, Eur. Phys. J. C81 (2021) 910, arXiv:2108.02737 [gr-qc]

If you use the hadronized spectra of BlackHawk, we also advise that you cite the corresponding particle physics code:

• PYTHIA spectra (hadronization_choice = 0 or 2): T. Sjöstrand et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 191 (2015) 159-177, arXiv:1410.3012 [hep-ph]
• HERWIG spectra (hadronization_choice = 1): J. Bellm et al., Eur. Phys. J. C 76 (2016) 4, 196, arXiv:1512.01178 [hep-ph]
• Hazma spectra (hadronization_choice = 3): A. Coogan, L. Morrison, S. Profumo, JCAP 01 (2020) 056, arXiv:1907.11846 [hep-ph]
• HDMSpectra spectra (hadronization_choice = 4): C. W. Bauer, N. L. Rodd, B. R. Webber, JHEP 06 (2021) 121, arXiv:2007.15001 [hep-ph]

If you use the script Isatis to compute primordial black hole constraints, please cite:

• J. Auffinger, arXiv:2201.01265 [astro-ph.HE]

For any comment, question or bug report please contact us.

The latest version of the manual can be found here (6 August 2021).

• Various bugfixes.

• HDMSpectra option added.
• Bugfixes.

• Various bugs corrected.

• Major version, details can be found in arXiv:2108.02737 [gr-qc].

• Various bugs corrected, results unaffected.

• Various bugs corrected.
• Addition of a spin distribution.

• First public release.

• H.-J. Li, Primordial black holes induced stochastic axion-photon oscillations in primordial magnetic field, arXiv:2208.04605 [astro-ph.CO]
The author computes the axion-like particle spectra emitted by rotating primordial black holes that evaporated before BBN and obtains constraints from axion-photon couplings in the Planck data through the primordial magnetic field measurement.
• T. Li, R.-J. Zhang, Axion-like particle from primordial black hole evaporation and its detection in neutrino experiments, arXiv:2208.02696 [hep-ph]
The authors compute the spectrum of axion-like particles of MeV scale emitted by spinning primordial black holes and deduce a constraint of their abundance and couplings from neutrino experiments.
• A. Cheek, L. Heurtier, Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, J. Turner, Redshift Effects in Particle Production from Kerr Primordial Black Holes, arXiv:2207.09462 [hep-ph]
The authors compute the effective neutrino species induced by rotating primordial black hole evaporation into an additional particle field and provide precise estimation of the spin effect produced by the modified lifetime of rotating black holes.
• [PROCEEDINGS] J. Auffinger, A. Arbey, Beyond the Standard Model with BlackHawk v2.0, PoS CompTools2021 (2022) 017, arXiv:2207.03266 [gr-qc]
This is the proceedings of the release note of BlackHawk v2.0 presented to CompTools2021.
• [REVIEW] J. Auffinger, Primordial black hole constraints with Hawking radiation -- a review, arXiv:2206.02672 [astro-ph.CO]
The author performs a review of the primordial black hole constraints linked to Hawking radiation.
• R. Calabrese, M. Chianese, D. F. G. Fiorillo, N. Saviano, Electron scattering of light new particles from evaporating primordial black holes, arXiv:2203.17093 [hep-ph]
The authors build up upon arXiv:2107.13001 and use BlackHawk to generate the boosted spectrum of dark matter emitted by primordial black holes today, that modifies drastically the direct detection constraints on electron targets.
• N. Bernal, V. Muñoz-Albornoz, S. Palomares-Ruiz, P. Villanueva-Domingo, Current and future neutrino limits on the abundance of primordial black holes, arXiv:2203.14979 [hep-ph]
The authors review and re-compute the neutrino constraints on evaporating primordial black holes with an extended mass distribution, with existing and prospective instruments.
• T. Li, J. Liao, Constraints on light Dark Matter evaporated from Primordial Black Hole through electron targets, arXiv:2203.14443 [hep-ph]
The authors use BlackHawk to generate the boosted spectrum of dark matter emitted by primordial black holes today, that modifies drastically the direct detection constraints on electron targets.
• M. R. Mosbech, Z. S. C. Picker, Effects of Hawking evaporation on PBH distributions, arXiv:2203.05743 [astro-ph.HE]
The authors use Blackhawk to compute the mass evolution of primordial black holes and deduce the distortion of an extended initial distribution due to Hawking radiation.
• J. Berteaud, F. Calore, J. Iguaz, P. D. Serpico, T. Siegert, Strong constraints on primordial black hole dark matter from 16 years of INTEGRAL/SPI observations, arXiv:2202.07483 [astro-ph.HE]
The authors use the spatial features of the INTEGRAL measurements of the galactic center to put constraints on primordial black holes via their photon and electron emission.
• K. Agashe, J. Hyeok Chang, S. J. Clark, B. Dutta, Y. Tsai, T. Xu, Correlating Gravitational Wave and Gamma-ray Signals from Primordial Black Holes, arXiv:2202.04653 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors examine the correlation between γ-rays from primordial black holes detected by the future AMEGO instrument and the stochastic background of primordial black hole formation detected by future gravitational wave facilities.
• A. Friedlander, K. J. Mack, S. Schon, N. Song, A. C. Vincent, Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter in the Context of Extra Dimensions, arXiv:2201.11761 [hep-ph]
The authors re-evaluate in details constraints (big bang nucleosynthesis, cosmic microwave background, ...) from higher dimensional primordial black holes implementing their greybody factors inside BlackHawk.
• J. LeyVa, Dark radiation constraints on light primordial black holes, PoS ICRC2021 (2021) 552
The author gives preliminary constraints on primordial black holes from the GRAMS experiment.
• [PROCEEDINGS] J. Auffinger, A. Arbey, P. Sandick, B. Shams Es Haghi, K. Sinha, Dark radiation constraints on light primordial black holes, PoS EPS-HEP2021 (2022) 147, arXiv:2201.04946 [astro-ph.CO]
This is the proceedings of our paper arXiv:2104.04051 presented to EPS-HEP2021.
• [RELEASE NOTE Isatis] J. Auffinger, Limits on primordial black holes detectability with Isatis: A BlackHawk tool, arXiv:2201.01265 [astro-ph.HE]
The author presents the Isatis tool and discusses in details the assumptions underlying primordial black hole constraints on the photon background.
• S. Chen, H.-H. Zhang, G. Long, Revisiting the constraints on primordial black hole abundance with the isotropic gamma ray background, Phys. Rev. D 105 (2022) 6, 063008, arXiv:2112.15463 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors reevaluate the constraints on primordial black holes from existing measurements of the isotropic γ-ray background by taking into account background components, galactic emission and electron-positron annihilation.
• D. Martafia, P.-Y. Tseng, Correlated signals of first-order phase transitions and primordial black hole evaporation, arXiv:2112.14588 [hep-ph]
The authors compute the gravitational waves and photon Hawking radiation of primordial black holes generated by the collapse of Fermi balls and show that those correlated signals could be discovered in future facilities.
• A. K. Saha, R. Laha, Sensitivities on non-spinning and spinning primordial black hole dark matter with global 21 cm troughs, arXiv:2112.10794 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors reevaluate the EDGES constraints on (spinning) primordial black holes thanks to the 21cm temperature troughs.
• Y.-F. Cai, C. Chen, Q. Ding, Y. Wang, Cosmological Standard Timers from Unstable Primordial Relics, arXiv:2112.10422 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors use BlackHawk to compute the final mass of primordial black holes as a function of their initial mass and of the time elapse, and demonstrate that the evolution of the mass distribution can be used a precise standard timer.
• S. Mittal, G. Kulkarni, Background of radio photons from primordial black holes, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 510 (2022) 4, 4992-4997, arXiv:2110.11975 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compute the low energy isotropic radio background from evaporating primordial black holes and conclude that it is not sufficient to explain the ARCADE2 and LWA1 observations.
• A. Capanema, A. F. Esmaeili, A. Esmaili, Evaporating Primordial Black Holes in Gamma Ray and Neutrino Telescopes, JCAP 12 (2021) 12, 051, arXiv:2110.05637 [hep-ph]
The authors compute in details the light curve of evaporating primordial black holes in their last stages to determine constraints on the rate of black hole explosions in the nearby universe in neutrino and γ-ray detectors.
• D. Gosh, D. Sachdeva, P. Singh, Future Constraints on Primordial Black Holes from XGIS-THESEUS, arXiv:2110.03333 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compute the photon flux from evaporating spinning primordial black holes and derive the upper limit on the fraction of dark matter they can represent using the future XGIS-THESEUS experiment.
• K. Kristos, J. Silk, Mergers of Maximally Charged Primordial Black Holes, Phys. Rev. D 105 (2022) 6, 063011, arXiv:2109.09769 [gr-qc]
The authors consider mergers of near-extremal electrically charged primordial black holes and deduce that if light enough these could be detected by their diffuse energetic photon flux.
• T. Siegert, C. Boehm, F. Calore, R. Diehl, M. G. H. Krause, P. D. Serpico, A. C. Vincent, Reticulum II: Particle Dark Matter and Primordial Black Holes Limits, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 511 (2022) 1, 914-924, arXiv:2109.03791 [astro-ph.HE]
The authors compute the γ-ray produced by annihilation of electron-positron pairs inside Reticulum II and deduce the limits on the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes by comparing this spectrum to the INTEGRAL observations.
• J. Cang, Y. Gao, Y.-Z. Ma, 21-cm constraints on spinning primordial black holes, JCAP 03 (2022) 03, 012, arXiv:2108.13256 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compute the gaz ionization by Hawking radiation of spinning primordial black holes with extended mass distributions and compare it to the 21-cm signal to derive constraints on their fraction as a dark matter component.
• W. Chao, T. Li, J. Liao, Connecting Primordial Black Hole to boosted sub-GeV Dark Matter through neutrino, arXiv:2108.05608 [hep-ph]
The authors consider that energetic neutrinos emitted by evaporation of primordial black holes boost dark matter particles, and interpret the result in light of the XENON1T excess and for future experiments to constrain the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• [RELEASE NOTE v2.0] A. Arbey, J. Auffinger, Physics Beyond the Standard Model with BlackHawk v2.0, Eur. Phys. J. C 81 (2021) 10, arXiv:2108.02737 [gr-qc]
This is the release note of BlackHawk v2.0, which includes the spin 3/2 Hawking radiation, DM emission, low energy hadronization and new side scripts.
• R. Calabrese, M. Chianese, D. F. G. Fiorillo, N. Saviano, Direct Detection of Light Dark Matter from Evaporating Primordial Black Holes, Phys. Rev. D 105 (2022) 2, L021302, arXiv:2107.13001 [hep-ph]
The authors consider dark matter produced by evaporating primordial black holes, which is thus endowed with high kinetic energy, and adapt the limits on their direct detection by nuclear recoil experiments.
• P. K. Natwariya, A. C. Nayak, T. Srivastava, Constraining Spinning Primordial Black Holes With Global 21 cm Signal, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 510 (2022) 3, 4236-4241 arXiv:2107.12358 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compute the heating of the interstellar medium by energy deposited by spinning primordial black holes and compare it to the EDGES data on 21 cm signal to deduce constraints on their abundance as dark matter.
• A. Arbey, J. Auffinger, M. Geiller, E. R. Livine, F. Sartini, Hawking radiation by spherically-symmetric static black holes for all spins: II - Numerical emission rates, analytical limits and new constraints, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 8, 084016, arXiv:2107.03293 [gr-qc]
The authors build on arXiv:2101.02951 where the short range potentials for all spin particles emission by Hawking radiation of spherically symmetric and static black holes have been derived to implement them inside BlackHawk and thus obtain the spectrum of non standard black holes, with as an application the modification of the AMEGO constraint for polymerized black holes.
• S. Mittal, A. Ray, G. Kulkarni, B. Dasgupta, Constraining primordial black holes as dark matter using the global 21-cm signal with X-ray heating and excess radio background,JCAP 03 (2022) 030, arXiv:2107.02190 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors consider the heating of the interstellar medium by the evaporation of primordial black holes into electrons, positrons and photons to obtain a constraint on the fraction of dark matter they can represent thanks to the 21-cm line measured by EDGES.
• A. Cheek, L. Heurtier, Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, J. Turner, Primordial Black Hole Evaporation and Dark Matter Production: II. Interplay with the Freeze-In/Out Mechanism, Phys. Rev. D 105 (2022) 1, 015023, arXiv:2107.00016 [hep-ph]
The authors build on arXiv:2107.00013 to refine the spectrum of dark matter produced by the evaporation of primordial black holes with contributions from the freeze-in/out mechanisms if the dark matter shows interactions with the Standard Model.
• A. Cheek, L. Heurtier, Y. F. Perez-Gonzalez, J. Turner, Primordial Black Hole Evaporation and Dark Matter Production: I. Solely Hawking radiation, Phys. Rev. D 105 (2022) 1, 015022, arXiv:2107.00013 [hep-ph]
The authors use the spin 2 greybody factors from BlackHawk into their scheme of Hawking radiation computation and Boltzmann evolution to obtain the spectrum of dark matter emitted by primordial black holes in the early universe.
• V. De Romeri, P. Martínez-Miravé, M. Tórtola, Signatures of primordial black hole dark matter at DUNE and THEIA, JCAP 10 (2021) 051, arXiv:2106.05013 [hep-ph]
The authors compare the neutrino spectrum from spinning primordial black holes with extended mass distributions to the detection reach of DUNE and THEIA to constrain their fraction as a dark matter component.
• R. Calabrese, D. F. G. Fiorillo, G. Miele, S. Morisi, A. Palazzo, Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter evaporating on the Neutrino Floor, Phys. Lett. B 829 (2022) 137050, arXiv:2106.02492 [hep-ph]
The authors use the neutrino spectrum from evaporating primordial black holes to determine to what extent the future neutrino detection facilities will be able to place constraints on the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• Y.-F. Cai, C. Chen, Q. Ding, Y. Wang, Ultrahigh-energy Gamma Rays and Gravitational Waves from Primordial Exotic Stellar Bubbles, arXiv:2105.11481 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors predict the ultra-high γ-ray spectrum from evaporating bubbles of primordial black holes formed in the early universe and compare it to te observations by the LHASSO experiment to interpret the results as a fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• M. Baker, A. Thamm, Probing the Particle Spectrum of Nature with Evaporating Black Holes, arXiv:2105.10506 [hep-ph]
The authors predict the form of the last seconds signal from a closeby evaporating primordial black hole to constrain the size of the dark sector at energies up to the Planck mass.
• P. Lu, Sterile Neutrinos and Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter Candidates, thesis supported at UCLA, Los Angeles (2021)
The author of this thesis examines primordial black holes as dark matter bounds from heating of the interstellar medium via Hawking radiation.
• A. Arbey, J. Auffinger, P. Sandick, B. Shams Es Haghi, K. Sinha, Precision calculation of dark radiation from spinning primordial black holes and early matter-dominated eras, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 12, 123549, arXiv:2104.04051 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compute precisely the dark radiation emitted in the form of gravitons by light primordial black holes before big bang nucleosynthesis and compare it to cosmic microwave background and big bang nucleosynthesis limits on the effective number of neutrinos to obtain constraints on the fraction of the universe in the form of primordial black holes in the early universe.
• J. Iguaz, P. D. Serpico, T. Siegert, Isotropic X-ray bound on Primordial Black Hole Dark Matter, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 10, 103025, arXiv:2104.03145 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors add up the photon spectra from electron-positron annihilation and the direct photon emission from spinning primordial black holes with extended mass functions and compare them to the archival radio data to update the constraints on the fraction of dark matter they can represent.
• I. Masina, Dark matter and dark radiation from evaporating Kerr primordial black holes, Grav. Cosmol. 27 (2021) 4, 315-330, arXiv:2103.13825 [gr-qc]
The author computes analytically and numerically the dark matter production from light spinning primordial black holes before big bang nucleosynthesis, with their precise momentum distribution, and deduce from previous work the small scale structure on the abundance of spinning primordial black holes in the early universe.
• C. M. Lee, M. H. Chan, The Evaporating Primordial Black Hole Fraction in Cool-core Galaxy Clusters, Astrophys. J. 912 (2021) 1, 24, arXiv:2103.12354 [astro-ph.HE]
The authors compute the electron and positron spectra from evaporating primordial black holes with extended mass distributions in cool-core galaxy clusters and derive the heating rate of the interstellar medium through Coulomb interaction to deduce the fraction of dark matter they can represent.
• A. Ray, R. Laha, J. B. Muñoz, R. Caputo, Near future MeV telescopes can discover asteroid-mass primordial black hole dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 104 (2021) 2, 023516, arXiv:2102.06714 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compute the γ-ray spectrum from spinning primordial black holes with an extended mass distribution in the galaxy and in the global universe and compare it to the sensitivity of the future AMEGO instrument to derive the upper limit on the fraction of dark matter they can represent.
• A. Coogan, A. Moiseev, L. Morrison, S. Profumo, Hunting for Dark Matter and New Physics with (a) GECCO, arXiv:2101.10370 [astro-ph.HE]
The authors computhe the low energy γ-ray spectrum from primordial black holes in the galaxy and in the global universe and compare it to the sensivity of the future GECCO instrument to derive the upper limit on the fraction of dark matter they can represent.
• [PROCEEDINGS] J. Auffinger, A. Arbey, BlackHawk: A tool for computing Black Hole evaporation, PoS TOOLS2020 (2021) 024, arXiv:2012.12902 [gr-qc]
Proceedings of the TOOLS2020 conference where BlackHawk was presented.
• [PROCEEDINGS] A. Arbey, J. Auffinger, J. Silk, Primordial Kerr Black Holes, PoS ICHEP2020 (2021) 585, arXiv:2012.14767 [hep-ph]
Proceedings of the ICHEP2020 conference where BlackHawk was presented.
• J. Auffinger, I. Masina, G. Orlando, Bounds on warm dark matter from Schwarzschild primordial black holes, Eur. Phys. J. Plus 136 (2021) 2, 261, arXiv:2012.09867 [hep-ph]
The authors compute analytically and numerically the dark matter production from light primordial black holes before big bang nucleosynthesis, with their precise momentum distribution, and interface this result with the code CLASS to obtain the small scale structure on the abundance of primordial black holes in the early universe.
• J. F. Acevedo, J. Bramante, A. Goodman, J. Kopp, T. Opferkuch, Dark Matter, Destroyer of Worlds: Neutrino, Thermal, and Existential Signatures from Black Holes in the Sun and Earth, JCAP 04 (2021) 026, arXiv:2012.09176 [hep-ph]
The authors consider black holes sunk or formed into the Earth and the Sun and predict the neutrino evaporation spectrum that would be detected from the surface.
• Y. Luo, C. Chen, M. Kusakabe, T. Kajino, Impacts of Hawking Radiation from Primordial Black Holes in Critical Collapse Model on the Light Element Abundances, JCAP 05 (2021) 042, arXiv:2011.10937 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compute the photon spectrum from light primordial black holes from a critical collapse model and use it to solve the Boltzmann equations leading to photodisintegration of light elements from big bang nucleosynthesis, leading to constraints on the fraction of the universe in the form of primordial black holes at big bang nucleosynthesis epoch.
• S. Wang, D.-M. Xia, X. Zhang, S. Zhou, Z. Chang, Constraining primordial black holes as dark matter at JUNO, Phys. Rev. D 103 (2021) 4, 043010, arXiv:2010.16053 [hep-ph]
The authors compare the spectrum of neutrinos from primordial black holes to the flux that will be measured at Juno to constrain the fraction of dark matter they represent.
• A. Coogan, L. Morrison, S. Profumo, Direct Detection of Hawking Radiation from Asteroid-Mass Primordial Black Holes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 (2021) 17, 171101, arXiv:2010.04797 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors interface the code Hazma to compute the low energy secondary spectrum of γ-rays with BlackHawk and derive updated constraints from COMPTEL and prospective constraints from a set of future γ-ray detectors, concerning the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• R. Laha, P. Lu, V. Takhistov, Gas heating from spinning and non-spinning evaporating primordial black holes, Phys. Lett. B 820 (2021) 136459, arXiv:2009.11837 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors use the electron-positron production of spinning primordial black holes to derive the heating rate of the interstellar medium in the dwarf galaxy Leo T and place upper limits on the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• H. Kim, A constraint on light primordial black holes from the interstellar medium temperature, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 504 (2021) 4, 5475–5484, arXiv:2007.07739 [hep-ph]
The author use the electron-positron production of primordial black holes to derive the heating rate of the interstellar medium in the dwarf galaxy Leo T and place upper limits on the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• M. H. Chan, C. M. Lee, Constraining Primordial Black Hole Fraction at the Galactic Centre using radio observational data, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 497 (2020) 1, 1212-1216, arXiv:2007.05677 [astro-ph.HE]
The authors compare the archival radio data from the galactic center to the photon spectrum from the cooling of electrons and positrons emitted by primordial black holes with extended mass functions to determine the upper limit on the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• A. Arbey, J. Auffinger, Detecting Planet 9 via Hawking radiation, arXiv:2006.02944 [gr-qc]
The authors consider the hypothesis that Planet 9 in the Solar System is a primordial black hole and compute the spectrum of photons and gravitons, conluding on the detectability of this object by in situ measurement.
• G. Johnson, Primordial Black Hole Constraints with Large Extra Dimensions, JCAP 09 (2020) 046, arXiv:2005.07467 [astro-ph.CO]
The author has computed the greybody factors and the evolution of primordial black holes in theories with extra dimensions and incorporated them into BlackHawk to obtain the upper limit on the primordial black hole fraction of dark matter using the extragalactic γ-ray background data.
• R. Laha, J. B. Muñoz, T. R. Slatyer, INTEGRAL constraints on primordial black holes and particle dark matter, Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 12, 123514, arXiv:2004.00627 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compare the low energy galactic center INTEGRAL data to the photon spectrum emitted by primordial black holes and derive the upper limit on the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• B. Dasgupta, R. Laha, A. Ray, Neutrino and positron constraints on spinning primordial black hole dark matter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 (2020) 10, 101101, arXiv:1912.01014 [hep-ph]
The authors compare the 511 keV line issued from electron-positron annihilation in the galactic center and the electronic neutrino production due to spinning primordial black holes with extended mass distributions to the observations of INTEGRAL and Super-Kamiokande and derive the upper limits on the dark matter fraction in the form of primordial black holes.
• G. Ballestros, J. Coronado-Blázquez, D. Gaggero, X-ray and gamma-ray limits on the primordial black hole abundance from Hawking radiation, Phys. Lett. B 808 (2020) 135624, arXiv:1906.10113 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compare the spectrum of X-rays and γ-rays emitted by primordial black holes and the diffuse modeled extragalactic background and deduce the constraints on the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes that could be set by future X-ray or γ-ray detectors.
• R. Laha, Primordial Black Holes as a Dark Matter Candidate Are Severely Constrained by the Galactic Center 511 keV γ-Ray Line, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123 (2019) 25, 251101, arXiv:1906.09994 [astro-ph.HE]
The author derives the spectrum of electrons and positrons at the galactic center emitted by primordial black holes with extended mass distribution and deduces the 511 keV line intensity which is then used to constrain the fraction of dark matter in the form of primordial black holes.
• A. Arbey, J. Auffinger, J. Silk, Constraining primordial black hole masses with the isotropic gamma ray background, Phys. Rev. D 101 (2020) 2, 023010, arXiv:1906.04750 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors compare the photon spectrum generated by extended mass distributions of spinning primordial black holes to the isotropic extragalactic photon background to derive constraints on the fraction of dark matter in the form of black holes.
• A. Arbey, J. Auffinger, J. Silk, Evolution of primordial black hole spin due to Hawking radiation, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 494 (2020) 1, 1257-1262, arXiv:1906.04196 [astro-ph.CO]
The authors study the evolution of the mass and spin of black holes thanks to the routine life_evolution() and determine the conditions for a black hole to keep a spin higher than some limit from its time of formation until today.
• [MANUAL v1.0] A. Arbey and J. Auffinger, BlackHawk: A public code for calculating the Hawking evaporation spectra of any black hole distribution, Eur. Phys. J. C79 (2019) 693, arXiv:1905.04268 [gr-qc]